The Voortrekkers - Boers - driven by the British from the Cape - had previously signed a contract with Zulu King Dingane (Afrikaans: Dingaan), granting them land to settle. Immediately afterwards, however, the King had the delegation under the leadership of Piet Retief killed in his kraal uMgungundhlovu. Further desastrous massacres followed. At the attack of Bloukrans in February 1838, for example, almost 500 Voortrekkers died, among them many women and children. Towards the end of 1838, then for the homeless white settlers survival was at stake. On December 15, 470 men, pugnacious from desperation, prepared for the all-decisive battle at the Ncome River. Women and children they had left at a safe place. Commandant-General Andries Pretorius took the command, a man of giant built, excellent leadership qualities and tactical skill. The Voortrekkers positioned their 64 wagons in the shape of a quadrangular wagon fort, called "laager". Spaces in between were secured with wooden planks. Two sides were protected by steep declines towards the river and to a natural trench - called "donga". On each of the other two sides a cannon was positioned. Cart-oxen and horses were fenced in the centre of the laager. In the course of the morning the Zulus - under the command of the generals Tambuza and Umhlela - gathered about 15,000 impis (warriors), armed with speers and shields. They spent the time waiting in a distance of only 40 metres around the laager, in reach of the Voortrekker guns. Initially, the weather conditions were most unfavourable for the Boers. Since the previous evening the laager was enveloped in dense, humid fog. It would have soaked the gunpowder and render the men's old muzzle-loaders useless. The Zulus first planned a nightly attack. Full of fear the Boers were listening to the trampling of thousands of feet around their laager. Then they began to sing psalms and chorals aloud to conquer their fear and gain courage. The Zulus fell victim to their own superstition, based on a believe deeply rooted in their religion, which made them think that the oil lamps hanging from the white people's waggons were the souls of their ancestors protecting them.